244_y1 xx.txt 블루티쳐 1-99 주간지

빈칸 esh-701
Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects. Few countries, however, can claim to have produced a great architect. One country that can make that claim without embarrassment is Spain. There, at the summit of the nation's architectural genius, stands Antoni Gaudi. Gaudi was born in Catalonia, Spain, in 1852. As a child, he was fascinated by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside. Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona, the city that would become home to his greatest works. Gaudi's designs were deeply influenced by forms in nature. He understood that the natural world is full of curved lines, rather than straight lines. As a result, most of his constructions use curved stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs. Gaudi's work is also known for __________ in his architectural designs.

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① using primarily straight lines and angles
② maintaining minimalist design principles
③ following traditional Spanish building styles
④ rejecting the use of decorative elements
⑤ incorporating elements from the natural world

빈칸 esh-702
Parc Güell is a public park and is one of Gaudi's most decorative works. Gaudi completed this park in 1914. It was built for Eusebi Güell, a rich businessman who admired Gaudi's style. Parc Güell contains amazing stone structures, gorgeous tiles, and beautiful buildings. At the entrance to the park are two buildings, both with curved roofs. These buildings seem to be taken directly from "Hansel and Gretel."The park is also home to a famous dragon fountain, covered with beautiful colored tiles. Known as "El Drac," which means "the dragon" in the language of Catalonia, this colorful fountain is a symbol of Parc Güell. On a hill within the park are curved terraces and multicolored tile seats where visitors can enjoy wonderful views of Barcelona and the sea beyond. Parc Güell demonstrates how Gaudi could transform __________ into whimsical artistry.

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① medieval fortifications
② classical architecture
③ religious symbolism
④ ancient Spanish legends
⑤ functional urban spaces

빈칸 esh-703
Casa Batllo is a house renovated by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906. Built in 1877, the original building was very different from what it is today. When it was purchased by Joseph Batllo, he asked Gaudi to add his impressive touch to the design. From the outside, Casa Batllo looks as if it has been made from skulls and bones. The "skulls" are in fact balconies and the "bones" are supporting stone columns between the windows. These details have given the house the nickname, the House of Bones. Gaudi decorated the building with colors and shapes found in the sea. Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall remind people of the sea, while the curved window frames were inspired by ocean waves. The interior of the house is even more impressive. Everything is curved, including the walls, the ceilings, and the wooden doors. Because of the curves, the Batllo family could not fit their traditional, straight furniture against the curved surfaces. Thus, Gaudi had to design special furniture for the family. Gaudi's commitment to his artistic vision __________ conventional architectural practices.

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① temporarily abandoned
② superficially altered
③ cautiously approached
④ partially modified
⑤ completely transcended

빈칸 esh-704
Sagrada Familia is the most widely-known symbol of Barcelona and one of the world's largest churches. Begun in 1882, it has been under construction for more than one hundred years. It is expected that the church will be completed in 2026, on the 100th anniversary of Gaudi's death. Despite its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia's incredible design draws an estimated 2.5 million tourists every year. On the outside, the church will have 18 high towers. When completed, the highest tower will reach a height of 170 meters. The walls are decorated with sculptures that describe events in the Bible. When you step inside the church, the large columns supporting the ceiling immediately catch your eye. The columns branch out at the top so that each column looks like a huge tree. Between the columns are skylights to let natural light in. The colorful stained glass windows filter the sunlight and project red, blue, and green light all over the interior space. The tree-like columns and the different light at different times of the day transform the inside of the church into a stone forest. Sagrada Familia's design brilliantly __________ religious architecture with natural elements.

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① separates modern
② replaces conventional
③ integrates traditional Christian
④ eliminates classical
⑤ contrasts medieval

빈칸 esh-802
Since then, there has been renewed emphasis on developing robots that can serve in dangerous situations. In response to Japan's nuclear disaster, the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge was created to speed up the development of robots that could work in disaster-stricken areas. The competition attracted 25 teams from around the world. The winner was a Korean team from KAIST who developed a robot called HUBO. During the competition, the robots had to solve a series of problems they might come upon in a disaster situation. The tasks were: driving a vehicle, getting out of the vehicle, opening a door, locating and closing a leaking valve, using a drill to cut through a wall, pulling a plug out of a wall socket and then plugging it in, navigating rough terrain, and climbing stairs. HUBO completed all eight tasks in the shortest time of all the competitors – 44 minutes and 28 seconds. The key to HUBO's success was its ability to move from a standing position to a kneeling position. HUBO had wheels attached to its knees and feet. When kneeling, HUBO was able to use these wheels to move around quickly and decisively. HUBO's innovative design __________ its superior performance in the competition.

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① accidentally led to
② directly contributed to
③ temporarily enabled
④ unexpectedly resulted in
⑤ partially compensated for

빈칸 esh-803
From the beginning, HUBO was better than the other robots at performing the tasks. It was able to drive a vehicle fast and when it encountered a barrier, it was able to turn the vehicle smoothly to avoid it. Next, it was able to get out of the car in less than four minutes and, once out of the vehicle, got on its knees and sped away. As the series of eight tasks became progressively more difficult, HUBO's performance on the tasks reflected the growing difficulty. On the fifth task, for which it had to use a drill to cut through a wall, HUBO failed on its first attempt. Generally speaking, it was difficult for a robot to hold a drill in the right position and simultaneously press an on/off button. On the second trial, however, HUBO successfully completed the task. The task that took the longest time for HUBO was the sixth one, pulling a plug out of a wall socket and putting it back into another. It takes a human less than 10 seconds to perform the task, but it took HUBO 13 minutes and 30 seconds. Tasks requiring fine motor control __________ for HUBO to accomplish.

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① proved most challenging
② required minimal time
③ demonstrated clear superiority
④ showed consistent progress
⑤ were surprisingly simple

빈칸 esh-804
For the final task, climbing stairs, it was important that the robot be able to see its feet. Other robots had difficulty doing this because they had to bend their bodies forward to see over their knees to scan the stairs. This awkward move caused them to lose their balance. HUBO solved this problem in a clever way. It climbed the stairs backward. But how did it see the steps if it was moving backwards? By rotating its upper body 180 degrees. That way, the robot's knees did not block the camera's view of either the feet or the floor. After scanning the stairs, the robot set off to climb to the top, completing the task effortlessly. HUBO's unconventional approach to stair climbing __________ over other competing robots.

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① revealed its balance difficulties
② exposed its visual processing weaknesses
③ highlighted its programming flaws
④ showed its mechanical limitations
⑤ demonstrated its superior problem-solving capabilities

빈칸 esh-805
This amazing robot was not made in a day. The KAIST team had already built four HUBOs and had been improving them for years. They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on rough terrain. They burned up motor after motor, but never gave up. They approached each failure as a challenge to make a faster, stronger, and better robot. The DARPA Robotics Challenge eventually ended, but it is only the beginning. In the future, there will be other robots like HUBO. They will be called upon to perform complicated tasks that will be too dangerous for humans. Scientists expect that these robots will save lives and reduce the damage caused by future disasters. The KAIST team's persistent dedication to improvement __________ HUBO's ultimate success.

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① proved instrumental in achieving
② partially contributed to
③ temporarily delayed
④ accidentally resulted in
⑤ minimally influenced

빈칸 2411-20
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, __________ as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.

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① where can we find more time
② how can we avoid these tasks
③ when should we schedule them
④ what makes us resist them
⑤ why not seize these moments

빈칸 2411-21
When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that __________ led courts to question eyewitness accounts. Seeing is not believing.

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① brain damage affects memory storage capacity
② witnesses often deliberately fabricate their stories
③ memories are reconstructed rather than perfectly recalled
④ visual perception varies between individuals
⑤ human vision is limited by physical constraints

빈칸 2411-22
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes that __________ often outperform logical analysis.

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① documented evidence and written records
② systematic evaluations and measured responses
③ unconscious snap judgments and gut reactions
④ detailed descriptions and verbal accounts
⑤ carefully reasoned decisions and explanations

빈칸 2411-23
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work？" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that __________ make research data more reliable.

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① allow for personal interpretation of terms
② focus on emotional states and feelings
③ seek specific, measurable behaviors rather than abstractions
④ rely on subjective self-assessments
⑤ explore general attitudes and opinions

빈칸 2411-24
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. __________ shapes the future development of both species. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.

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① The technological advancement of machine learning
② The symbiotic relationship between humans and AI
③ The mathematical complexity of neural networks
④ The ethical programming of robotic systems
⑤ The inevitable superiority of artificial intelligence

빈칸 2411-29
Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that __________. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.

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① they forcefully alter users' understanding through digital interactions
② they operate independently of user interpretation
③ they simplify complex technological concepts automatically
④ they make technology more accessible to users
⑤ they require less cognitive effort to comprehend

빈칸 2411-30
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. __________ understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.

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① Through basic technological literacy, humans can
② Without complex technical knowledge, individuals can
③ Despite our limited mental capacity, we
④ By simply following interface instructions, people
⑤ Through distributed cognitive effort, humans collectively

빈칸 2411-31
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. __________ have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

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① Several different species of camouflaged octopuses
② Multiple sightings of octopuses hunting flounders
③ Numerous instances of sea snake imitations
④ Various photographs of octopuses in daylight
⑤ Many more examples of this deceptive hunting strategy

빈칸 2411-35
Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. __________ highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

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① The lack of proper water management systems
② The shocking disparity in water infrastructure globally
③ This pattern of politically-driven water scarcity clearly
④ The widespread problem of water loss worldwide
⑤ The distribution of limited water resources internationally

빈칸 2411-37
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then __________ is also a distortion of our state of consciousness. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

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① the underlying cause of depression itself
② the chemical imbalance in our brains
③ the neurological basis of mental illness
④ the way we process negative emotions
⑤ the treatment approach for depression

빈칸 2411-38
The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, __________ generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.

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① scientists study behavioral patterns and mechanisms which
② modern psychological theories explore concepts which
③ researchers examine cultural and social factors that
④ psychologists analyze complex human interactions that
⑤ psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that

빈칸 2411-39
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. __________ are often strikingly similar.

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① The various causes of illness share common manifestations
② The ways organisms respond to health challenges
③ The symptoms that patients experience in diseases
④ The pathways through which diseases develop
⑤ The biological mechanisms behind different illnesses

빈칸 2411-40
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, __________ would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

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① the punishment-based parenting technique
② his mother's approach of scolding for attention-seeking behavior
③ the negative reinforcement of unwanted actions
④ the reactive response to sibling violence
⑤ the traditional method of disciplining children